Red mud (RM) is a solid caustic waste or a by-product formed after the digestion of bauxite ore with sodium hydroxide in a solution of concentrated NaOH at 150–230°C under pressure in Bayer's process for the extraction of alumina (Kurniawan et al., 2006, Zhang et al., 2011).During the digestion process, aluminum reacts with NaOH to form soluble sodium …
WhatsApp: +86 18221755073
The leaching test of toxic ions also shows that the ion leaching level of the red mud catalyst is lower than the limit value, indicating that the red mud catalyst can meet the safety standard. Red mud can also be used as a reusable catalyst for the complete oxidation of benzene (Shim et al., 2018). Studies have shown that the pretreatment ...
WhatsApp: +86 18221755073
In the 5 years since the 2010 Ajka red mud spill (Hungary), there have been 46 scientific studies assessing the key risks and impacts associated with the largest single release of...
WhatsApp: +86 18221755073
The characteristics and composition of red mud are influenced by the source of the bauxite ore and the methods used in its production. Tables 1 and 2 provide a detailed analysis of red mud's mineral and chemical components from various production methods, indicating that the major constituents are CaO, Al 2 O 3, Fe 2 O 3, SiO 2, TiO 2, and Na 2 O. Red mud obtained …
WhatsApp: +86 18221755073
Red mud is a hazardous waste by-product generated during the alumina extraction process, and 1–2 tons of red mud will be discharged when 1 ton of alumina is produced [1].The red mud with a pH value over 10 can cause great damage to the environment due to its high alkaline nature [2].In addition, the red mud contains hazardous elements such as Cr, Cd, Pb, …
WhatsApp: +86 18221755073
Red mud (abbreviated as RM) is a solid waste formed during the alumina refining process from bauxite. Every year, over 200 million tons of RM are discharged worldwide. China is a large producer of alumina; the entire amount of RM of China in storage exceeds 1 billion tons because there is no technology for large-scale treatment. Extensive studies on the sustainable …
WhatsApp: +86 18221755073
In this paper, the physicochemical properties and hazards of red mud are first introduced, and then, the overall utilization of red mud is summarized. Then, the latest research progress on the separation and extraction of valuable metals from red mud is reviewed in detail and a new comprehensive utilization method is recommended and evaluated.
WhatsApp: +86 18221755073
Red mud is a highly alkaline waste product as well as containing toxic arsenic and mercury, which can cause serious harm if it enters the environment, having spilled from …
WhatsApp: +86 18221755073
What is red mud Around 1888, Austrian chemist Carl Josef Bayer developed a method for producing aluminum oxide from bauxite. The principle is simple: bauxite is mixed with NaOH solution and heated. The aluminum oxide contained in the bauxite can dissolve into sodium aluminate in the NaOH solution. After filtering to remove the precipitate, aluminum hydroxide …
WhatsApp: +86 18221755073
The Bayer method of alumina production generates highly alkaline solid waste known as red mud, which is challenging to utilize and can only be disposed of in stockpiles. This practice leads to environmental pollution and safety hazards, posing a significant barrier to the bauxite industry's transition towards green and sustainable development. In light of the …
WhatsApp: +86 18221755073
Red mud is a red, slurry-like waste produced by the alumina industry. The expansion of the alumina sector has significantly increased red mud production in recent years. Owing to its …
WhatsApp: +86 18221755073
Approximately 80% of scandium in nature occurs in bauxite (Yan et al. 2020). In the process of alumina production, ... In this paper, the physicochemical properties and hazards of red mud are first introduced, and …
WhatsApp: +86 18221755073
Global red mud manufacturing is anticipated to be 200 million tons annually. Red mud accumulation has surpassed 4.6 billion tons, and the world's red mud stockpile is steadily expanding 2,3. Red ...
WhatsApp: +86 18221755073
Red mud (RM), also known as bauxite residue, is a solid waste or industrial by-product (IBP) produced during the alumina extraction process from bauxite ore (Archambo and Kawatra, 2021; Wang et al., 2019; Yuan et al., 2020). The major alumina and RM-producing countries include China, Australia, Brazil, India, Greece, etc., where billions of ...
WhatsApp: +86 18221755073
Red mud (RM) is a highly alkaline by-product produced by the aluminium industry. The total stockpile of RM in the world is evaluated to be close 4 billion tons, which caused serious soil and water pollution. The use of RM in masonry materials has proven to be a prospective strategy to alleviate the environmental problems caused by RM. During the past decades, …
WhatsApp: +86 18221755073
Red mud, an alkaline waste from bauxite refining, takes up land and poses environmental risks from its storage. This study examines red mud treatment, assessing blast …
WhatsApp: +86 18221755073
Red mud is a hazardous solid waste generated by the alumina industry. Review covers the nature, composition and environmental hazards of red mud. Recovery of valuable metals from red mud is discussed. Numerous relevant studies are cited to investigate …
WhatsApp: +86 18221755073
This study systematically investigated the potential of red mud as a cement substitute in concrete production, focusing on its mechanical properties. Compliance with MEFCC (2016) regulations confirmed the non-hazardous nature of red mud waste. Red mud was incrementally added from 0% to 25%, maintaining a consistent water-cement ratio of 0.35.
WhatsApp: +86 18221755073
In this study, we prepared the integrated micro-electrolysis composites (IMC) through a facile one-pot method with red mud and rice straw. The effects of components relatively mass ratios as well ...
WhatsApp: +86 18221755073
However, this approach is limited due to the alkaline nature of the material. The alkaline nature of red mud is reduced by the acidic counterpart of fly ash, generating the neutral nature of the composite. The latter could be the most significant solution for the vastness of the problem, but careful consideration is required for this ...
WhatsApp: +86 18221755073
Red mud is the waste of bauxite refinement into alumina, the feedstock for aluminium production1. With about 180 million tonnes produced per year1, red mud has amassed to one of the largest ...
WhatsApp: +86 18221755073
Red mud is a alkaline solid waste produced from bauxite as raw material to produce alumina or aluminium hydroxide. At present, the global red mud reserves have been estimated more than 3 billion tonnes with about 0.12 billion tonnes of annual growth rate [].The average utilization rate of red mud in the world is 15%.
WhatsApp: +86 18221755073
The extremely alkaline nature of red mud is harnessed in the making of RM-ERMs, offering a window to perk up the environment through purification methods. The utility of RM-ERMs has shown promise as a potential method for simultaneously addressing various types of waste. ... enhancing stoppage safety, and augmenting the overall benefits of ...
WhatsApp: +86 18221755073
Over the years, mining for aluminum has left behind billions of tons of the caustic sludge called red mud. But today in Nature, scientists report that a simple chemical process can extract another useful metal, iron, from this …
WhatsApp: +86 18221755073
Neutralized red mud (LRM + S; pH 6-8) was prepared by adding sulfuric acid to liquefied red mud (LRM; pH 10-12). After adding LRM and LRM + S to cement paste, the heat of hydration, compressive ...
WhatsApp: +86 18221755073
Red mud is a highly alkaline solid waste discharged in the alumina production process. Because of its large amount of discharge and high alkalinity, it is mostly stored in dams, occupying a large number of land resources and posing a great safety hazard to the ecological environment. The large-scale consumption of red mud is a global technical problem. Different …
WhatsApp: +86 18221755073
The sulfidized red mud is not as efficient at removing arsenic, manganese, and strontium as red mud itself, Iannicelli says. But he suggests mixtures of red mud and sulfidized red mud might be an ...
WhatsApp: +86 18221755073
Red mud is rich in Al2O3 and Fe2O3 content. Although the elements present in red mud vary depending on the source, almost all red mud contains various types and quantities …
WhatsApp: +86 18221755073
In the 5 years since the 2010 Ajka red mud spill (Hungary), there have been 46 scientific studies assessing the key risks and impacts associated with the largest single release of bauxite …
WhatsApp: +86 18221755073
Download the Nature Podcast 24 January 2024 . In this episode: 0:46 Turning a toxic by-product into iron. Red mud is a toxic by-product of aluminium manufacture, and millions of tonnes of it are ...
WhatsApp: +86 18221755073
Red mud consists of valuable materials such as rare earth elements, titanium, iron and aluminium. The recovery of rare earths and other valuable metals from red mud have been analysed and reviewed in couple of studies (Binnemans et al., 2015; Borra et al., 2016a).These elements in the red mud have been attracting the interest of the research community to …
WhatsApp: +86 18221755073