A new process for one-step extraction of antimony in low temperature from stibnite concentrate by reductive sulfur-fixation smelting in sodium molten salt, using iron oxide as sulfur-fixing agent, was presented. The influences of molten salt addition and composition, ferric oxide dosage, smelting temperature and duration on extraction efficiency of antimony were …
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Antimony comes into the environment through both geogenic and anthropogenic means, such as weathering of rocks containing antimony, antimony mining and smelting activities, combustion of coal and also through the use of various products containing antimony (He et al., 2019). Antimony and the compounds containing antimony had been classified as ...
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Antimonite ore is processed by hand-picking–flotation or heavy medium separation–flotation to pick out lump ore, rich lump ore, and concentrate that will go into the smelting process. Antimony smelting is done through the pyrometallurgical process or the hydrometallurgical process, but mostly the pyrometallurgical process.
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Antimony production involves hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy, the latter being still dominant. The conventional extraction of antimony from stibnite and jamesonite involves a two-step pyrometallurgical process comprising volatilization roasting and carbothermal smelting (Ouyang et al., 2019; Tian et al., 2016).The sulfide antimony ore is first volatilized and oxidized …
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The four major waste forms generated during antimony smelting process are (i) Water Quenched Slag (WQS) (ii) Desulfurised Slag (DS) (iii) Arsenic Alkali Residue (AAR) and (iv) Blast-Furnace Dust ...
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A large amount of solid waste has been produced by the antimony smelting process in the "World Capital of Antimony", Xikuangshan area in China. This study comprehensively …
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On the other hand, the current antimony smelting process which involves roasting the concentrate in a blast furnace, volatilizing the resulting Sb 2 O 3, and reducing the Sb 2 O 3 with carbon to metallic Sb, always results in serious environmental pollution. In another aspect, reducing smelting temperature come out two main advantages.
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The industry currently relies on the 'Blast furnace oxidation volatilization—Radiation furnace reduction smelting' process for antimony extraction . However, this method is characterized by high energy consumption and significant pollution due to low-concentration SO 2 emissions [16, 20]. As a result, the development of low-carbon and ...
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Antimony smelting is done through the pyrometallurgical process or the hydrometallurgical process, but mostly the pyrometallurgical process. This is mostly the …
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Abstract: A new process for one-step extraction of antimony in low temperature from stibnite concentrate by reductive sulfur-fixation smelting in sodium molten salt, using iron oxide as ... process, the smelting temperature of present process is reduced from 1150–1200 C (1423–1473 K) to 850–900 C (1123–1173 K). ...
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Electrolysis, or electrolytic refining, is a technique that is already in use for the extraction and purification of metals, and it is a much more cost-effective and efficient technique than traditional heat-based smelting methods. Indeed, it was the discovery of the Hall-Héroult electrolytic process more than a hundred …
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There are two main types of modern antimony production methods—pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy [1,2,3].At present, the former is the main. The vast majority of antimony smelting enterprises have been using the traditional blast furnace volatile–reverberatory furnace reduction process, which is of low environmental protection, …
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Noble antimony is the carrier of precious metals in the antimony smelting system and has a very high added value. This study proposes a novel, green, and effective vacuum gasification process for purifying antimony and recovering precious metals from noble antimony. Saturated vapor pressure and separation coefficients (β) were used to qualitatively analyze the …
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They found that Sb and Pb are the main phases in the crude lead-antimony alloy. During the smelting process, PbS oxidizes faster than Sb 2 S 3 to form a metal, while some of FeSb 2, Cu 2 Sb, and FeSb phases are precipitated in the process of cooling and solidification. These properties of jamesonite will affect its extraction and separation in ...
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To treat antimony input increase, antimony recovery process was installed in Kosaka Smelting and Refining. In the lead refining division, the limit of antimony grade in lead anodes was raised from 2.0% to 4.2% by enhancing removal and washing capabilities for …
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This article investigates the behavior of tin and antimony, both commonly present as trace elements in electrical and electronic waste, in secondary (i.e., sulfur-free) copper smelting conditions. The experiments were conducted in oxygen partial pressure range of 10−10–10−5 atm, covering the different process steps in copper smelting.
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This research investigates the application of mathematical models in multiphase flows for antimony smelting process. It highlights the effectiveness of using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) model with an explicit iteration numerical calculation format to achieve high accuracy and save computational resources. The study includes a grid sensitivity ...
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Oxygen Side-Blown Smelting Process. A domestic antimony smelting plant adopts a side-blown furnace for oxygen-enriched smelting, and the schematic of the oxygen side-blown antimony smelting process is shown in Fig. 2.The molten pool depth is 1100 ~ 2500 mm, and the oxygen lances are installed at the side of the furnace to blow oxygen and natural gas into the molten …
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Antimony is commonly obtained by smelting antimony ores and recovery from certain secondary sources. Two main methods are used to obtain antimony ore: …
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When the smelting process is complete, the charge is poured into a mold. Once the slag is cool, this can be separate from lead and precious metals by using a hammer or any device than can break the slag. The metallic product is named button and have to be processed in the other smelting process called cupellation.
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Here, we propose a clean one-step microwave carbothermic reduction process for direct reduction of antimony sulfide concentrate to metallic antimony using ZnO as the sulfur …
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The four wastes generated in the antimony smelting process exhibited specific chemical composition. Present in the amorphous phases, the metal constituents in WQS were primarily composed of Si, Fe, and Ca. With the presence of species such as CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O and CaSO 3 ·0.5H 2 O, a large quantity of CaO and SO 2 was incorporated into DS.
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It brings technological challenges to the antimony smelting and purification process. Moreover, the generation of arsenic-containing pollutants in this process is a major environmental problem. Therefore, it is essential to clarify the distribution behavior of arsenic in the smelting process to realize the clean production of antimony.
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Semantic Scholar extracted view of "A Summary of Smelting and Secondary Recovery Process of Antimony" by Kai Liang et al. Skip to search form Skip to main content Skip ... {Liang2025ASO, title={A Summary of Smelting and Secondary Recovery Process of Antimony}, author={Kai Liang and Bao-zhong Ma and Yarui An and Yang Zhang and Yongqiang Chen and ...
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These techniques involve processes like smelting, leaching, or hydrometallurgical methods to extract antimony from the secondary sources and refine it into usable forms. By employing refining techniques, impurities are …
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Antimony is classified as a critical/strategic metal. Its primary production is predominated by China via pyrometallurgical routes such as volatilization roasting—reduction smelting or direct ...
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Antimony is one of the most deleterious impurity elements in copper smelting and has a strong tendency to vaporize in the smelting furnace resulting in an enrichment of antimony in smelter flue dusts. The vaporization and condensation behavior of antimony species was studied in dust-free conditions simulating the off-gas train of a Flash Smelting Furnace at …
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A process for smelting and separating antimony from gold includes the following steps: feeding auriferous oxygen powder obtained from a blast furnace by volatilization smelting into a reverberator, obtaining auriferous refined antimony by reduction smelting at a temperature of 800 to 1000 degrees centigrade, adding the auriferous refined antimony into an antimony white …
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The production process of antimony produces a large amount of solid waste, such as waste rock in mining, tailings in the beneficiation, metallurgical slag in the smelting, and so on.
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The main purpose of this study is to characterize and separate antimony from a stibnite concentrate through a low-temperature sulfur-fixing smelting process. This article reports on a study conducted on the optimization of process parameters, such as flux and zinc oxide weight percentage, in charging, smelting temperature, smelting duration on the antimony yield, …
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The smelting process of stibnite concentrates is cumbersome, characterized by high energy consumption, significant alkali usage, and a low rate of solid sulfur recovery. A low-sulfur and low-temperature microwave roasting process has been developed for antimony production, utilizing biochar as the reductant and carbide slag as a sulfur-fixing agent. The …
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The experiment successfully mapped the distribution of elements throughout the process, and the results indicated that the separation of bismuth from arsenic and antimony was achieved during the oxidation smelting process, and that the recovery rate …
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Stibnite (Sb₂S₃) is the main mineral in antimony sulfide ore, mainly distributed in Hunan. It is the main source of extracting metallic antimony and is widely used in flame retardants, alloy materials, ammunition and other fields. It is lead gray, has a metallic luster, low hardness, and is easy to crush and grind.Antimony sulfide ore is usually associated with other …
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