The emission of solid waste phosphogypsum (PG) imposes significant environmental stress. Utilizing PG to produce sulfoaluminate cement (SAC) offers a dual benefit of consuming PG and enhancing resource recycling. ... In China, the annual production of PG exceeds 70 million tons, yet less than 40 % of this quantity is effectively utilized [6 ...
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The city has a subtropical monsoon humid climate zone, with an average annual temperature of approximately 15 °C, annual precipitation of approximately 1300 mm, and annual average wind speed of 0.7 m/s. The phosphogypsum recovery project, implemented by this enterprise, covers an area of 5.77 × 10 4 m 2. Since the local phosphate fertilizer ...
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Phosphogypsum (PG), a sort of solid waste mainly made up of CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O, results from phosphoric acid production through wet process. Every ton of phosphoric acid gives 4.5–5 tons of PG when being produced. As phosphorus chemical industry keeps advancing, annual PG emission amounts to 0.28 billion tons around the world now.
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The total annual anthropogenic emission in 2010 has been 81.48% more than that in 1970 (Pachauri et al., 2014, Edenhofer, 2015). ... The annual phosphogypsum (PG) production in India has been 6.5 million tons and about 4.5–5.0 tons (dry basis) of PG is generated per ton of phosphoric acid production. Fly ash (FA; an amorphous mixture of ...
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The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) is the official legal print publication containing the codification of the general and permanent rules published in the Federal Register by the departments and agencies of the Federal Government. The Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR) is a continuously updated online version of the CFR. It is not an official …
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Phosphogypsum (PG) is a radioactive industrial by-product produced in large quantities when processing phosphate ores into fertilizers. With rapid growth of high concentration phosphate and compound fertilizers production in China, PG production is increasing every year. Phosphogypsum is usually stored in such a way that it not only occupies a ...
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Phosphogypsum can help soils capture additional carbon, thereby contributing to the global goals of carbon emission reduction and carbon neutrality. This paper presents a comprehensive and diverse study on the applica-tion of phosphogypsum, which is expected to provide new ideas for the global solution of the three phosphorus problems
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Currently, between 3 and 4 billion tons of phosphogypsum have been produced, with an annual rise of 300 million tons (Cuadri et al. 2021). The question of considering phosphogypsum as a waste or a resource has been widely discussed in the literature, depending on the regulations in different countries.
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China, as a large agricultural country, consumes large quantities of phosphate fertilizers every year. In 2005, the phosphate fertilizer production of China ranked the first in the world; in 2012, it reached 16.93 million tons P 2 O 5 and occupied about 40% of worldwide production. The production of phosphate fertilizer cannot be accomplished without phosphoric …
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Phosphogypsum (PG) is a by-product produced during the wet process of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) production from natural phosphate rocks. Approximately 4–6 tons of PG is produced per ton of ...
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At present, the utilization rate of phosphogypsum in China is still relatively low, 2010-2020 China's phosphogypsum annual production and utilization rate as shown in Figure 2, 2010-2020 China's ...
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The US EPA currently bans the use of phosphogypsum, except in cases where the material does not exceed an average radium-226 concentration of less than 10 picocuries per gram, and will …
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Red mud and phosphogypsum are staple solid wastes, with considerably large annual emissions. Improving their comprehen-sive utilization is the key to addressing the large accretion of both red mud and phosphogypsum. They have great utilization potential and can be collectively modied to expand the utilization eld and increase the utilization rate.
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Furthermore, 42.86% phosphogypsum was reused by making bricks in the DAP scenario; this process greatly reduced the emission of phosphogypsum. The worldwide generation of phosphogypsum was estimated to be 280 million tons per year, with approximately 8% of phosphogypsum being produced from China (more than 22 million tons per year, Yang …
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As a traditional agricultural country, China has an annual output of over 70 million tons in recent years, accounting for approximately 40 % of the global production [15–17]. However, the comprehensive utilization rate of phosphogypsum in China is less than 50 %, and the accumulated stockpile has surpassed 830 million tons [18,19].
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Those phosphogypsum reuse practices, based on nonrenewable resources/energy source inputs, caused conflict between waste reduction and carbon emission reduction. ... The air density is 1.29 kg/m 3, and the water density is 1.00 kg/L; W i is the annual emission of the i-th air/water pollutant (kg); ... τ H represents the annual emergy use per ...
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Phosphogypsum and the EPA Ban Phosphogypsum is a by-product of the chemical reaction called the "wet process," whereby sulfuric acid is reacted with phosphate rock to produce the phosphoric acid needed for fertilizer production.
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Radiation and Phosphogypsum • Both natural gypsum and phosphogypsum contain radioactivity, but phosphogypsum contains more. • In the manufacture of phosphoric acid, the acid is filtered through cloth to remove solids. The radium is filtered out with the solids.
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Phosphogypsum (PG) is a byproduct generated during the wet processing of phosphoric acid production from phosphate rock (Baolin et al., 2022).It is estimated that 4.5–5.5 tons of PG are produced for per ton of phosphorus pentoxide produced (El-Didamony et al., 2012).PG has a complex, with more than 80 %−90 % consisting of CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O. However, …
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Phosphogypsum (PG) is a waste by-product from the processing of phosphate rock by the "wet acid method" of fertiliser production, which currently accounts for over 90% of phosphoric acid …
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1.34 billion tons of carbon dioxide emissions [3], accounting for more than 14% of the country's total carbon dioxide emissions [4]. For comparison, the global cement production and CO 2 emissions of the ... 2010-2020 China's phosphogypsum annual production and utilization rate as shown in Figure 2, 2010-2020 China's phosphogypsum annual ...
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The annual deposition fluxes obtained in this study in Huelva (1.5 km sampling point) are lower than those reported by Castillo et al. (2013b) (in the range 37–59 g/m 2 yr). Nonetheless ... Hydrogen fluoride concentrations in ambient air of an urban area based on the emissions of a major phosphogypsum deposit (SW, Europe) 2020, Science of the ...
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According to a 2019 report from the Fertilizer Institute, an estimated 734 million tons of phosphogypsum have accumulated in the United States — a number the industry …
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Mineral processing tailings (e.g., powered rock dust and phosphogypsum-PG) control the budget of NPs on a global scale and thus affect physical and biogeochemical processes in terrestrial and marine environments (Dalmora et al., 2016; Lütke et al., 2020) and the atmosphere including the nucleation of clouds (Retallack, 2011, 2012; Marshall et al., 2016).
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The total GHG emissions from the all treatments ranged from 63.6 to 181.2 kg CO 2-eq t −1 on a dry matter basis. The total GHG emissions from PPG and SSP treatments were lower than …
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Following the French approach [5], the design consists in finding the layer thicknesses that verify the limit criteria. Table 2 summarizes the design results for a mixed structure. We verify that the increase in the stiffness of the treated phosphogypsum layer leads to a decrease in the thickness of the bituminous layer and in the total thickness of the pavement.
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Phosphogypsum (PG) is the primary byproduct generated during the production of phosphoric acid, an intermediate product in phosphate fertilizer production, from calcium phosphate (apatite) ore. PG also exists in very small amounts in nature where it is the result of natural guano processes as they took for instance place in the Cioclovina Cave ...
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Phosphogypsum (PG) is a by-product generated from the phosphorus fertilizer industry (phosphoric acid production). PG is similar to natural gypsum, but there are some differences, of which it contains some impurities such as water-soluble phosphate (P 2 O 5), water-soluble fluoride (F −) and P 2 O 5 substituted in the gypsum crystal lattice. PG and …
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Five clusters were formed: a red cluster-phosphogypsum recycling in the construction industry; green cluster-radiation pollution problem of phosphogypsum and …
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The global emission of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs) has been amplified from 27 to 49 gigatons carbon dioxide (CO 2) equivalent emission year −1 between 1970 and 2010 (Fig. 1 a). The total annual anthropogenic emission in 2010 has been 81.48% more than that in 1970 (Pachauri et al., 2014, Edenhofer, 2015).In 2010, the globally emitted …
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The complex will include technology for CO2 capturing with lime produced from the calcination of phosphogypsum using sulfur, leading to a reduction in CO2 emissions across Ma'aden's phosphate business, making it more sustainable in the long-term.
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Phosphogypsum (PG) is a byproduct of the wet phosphoric acid process, with calcium sulfate as its primary component. Approximately 4.5–5.0 t of PG are generated per ton of phosphoric acid produced (Li & Gu, 2016).Globally, the cumulative stockpiles of PG have reached 6 billion t, with an annual increase of 200 million t (Ou et al., 2021).By the end of 2020, PG …
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Phosphogypsum has a relatively high level of radionuclides decay product of 238 U series that induces a negative environmental impact and several limitations on the utilization of phosphogypsum waste (only 15% of the phosphogypsum waste produced is recycled in cement industries, gypsum board and agriculture) [9].The United States Environmental Protection …
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Repartition map of the annual volume of phosphogypsum generated around the world. Environmental footprint + 11 Billion t of PG . generated (2050) World most significant waste. …
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The three phosphogypsum reuse practices enhanced carbon emission intensity to varying degrees compared with Scenario 1 due to the increasing fossil energy use. Those phosphogypsum reuse practices, based on nonrenewable resources/energy source inputs, …
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Utilization of phosphogypsum and phosphate in improving water resistance of magnesium oxychloride cement ... According to the previous statistics, the annual production of PG has approximately reached 80 ... With the addition of KH 2 PO 4, the carbon emissions were lower, which manifested a more pronounced environmental protection effect. While ...
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Phosphogypsum (PG), a byproduct of the phosphate fertilizer industry, poses significant environmental challenges due to its huge production and complex composition. ... According to statistics, the annual world production of PG is about 200–250 million tons (Saadaoui et al., 2017). Over 85 % of PG is either deposited in large stockpiles or ...
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The decay of 226 Ra in the phosphogypsum will result in the formation and reappearance of subsequent members of the decay series. In the absence of further separation processes, radioactive equilibrium eventually will be re-established. The ingrowth of 222 Rn and decay products through 214 Po will be governed by the 3.8-day half-life of 222 Rn. The rate of …
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Currently, over 55 million tons of phosphogypsum are accumulated in Ukraine (Armyansk, Sumy, Rivne, and other cities), occupying large areas that may otherwise be suitable for agricultural …
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