The Reaction Quotient. To determine whether a system has reached equilibrium, chemists use a Quantity called the reaction Quotient ((Q)). The expression for the reaction Quotient has precisely the same form as the …
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The type of interlayer cations in bentonite can affect the intercalation reaction. ... Due to the different main exchangeable cations, bentonite is usually classified into two types: Na-bentonite (Na-Bent) and Ca-bentonite (Ca-Bent). ... (II) adsorbed on the bentonite sample at equilibrium (mg/g), r is the removal efficiency of Hg ...
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Experimental data indicate that calcium invades, reacts with, and causes structural change in the clay when an initially uniform wet slurry of sodium bentonite is subject to constant pressure filtration in which a very thin and permeable disc of CaSO4 acts as the filter membrane.
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Different salt solutions also affected the direction of movement of the soil particles, causing montmorillonite particles to either attract or repel each other. Studies have shown that …
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reaction to transition to equilibrium faster. In addition to catalysts, other chemical species can affect the reaction. The amount of hydrogen ions (pH of aqueous solutions) can change the reaction rate. Other chemical species can react for the reaction or compete for the direction of exchange, bonding,
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Explanation of the Main Factors Affecting Equilibrium. ... any disturbance to the conditions of a reaction at equilibrium causes the system to shift in a way that works to counteract the change. The four pivotal factors that determine this shift in equilibrium are the alterations in pressure or volume, changes in concentration, temperature ...
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Reaction kinetics is the study of the rate of chemical reactions, and reaction rates can vary greatly over a large range of time scales. Some reactions can proceed at explosively fast rates like the detonation of fireworks (Figure 17.1 "Fireworks at …
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Answer: An endothermic reaction's equilibrium constant increases as the temperature increases. Given that the equilibrium constants have increased with temperature from 1.6×10-3 to 7.6×10-2, so the reaction is endothermic in the forward direction.. Question 2: What is the significance of the term "Dynamic Equilibrium" for chemical equilibrium?
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The active metals calcium and sodium both react with water to form hydrogen gas and a base. Yet calcium reacts at a moderate rate, whereas sodium reacts so rapidly that the reaction is almost explosive. The Physical States of the Reactants. A chemical reaction between two or more substances requires intimate contact between the reactants.
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Many papers on diffusion in compacted bentonite and claystone 1 assume a direct connection between diffusivities measured in clay ((D_mat{clay})), and the geometrical configuration …
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Based on this, it may be said that the composition of smectite in bentonite affects the orientation property of clay particle and also affects diffusion. Furthermore, a penetrated …
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Abstract: In order to improve the quality of Hunyuan inferior Ca-based bentonite (Ca-Bent), semidry process was used to modify Ca-Bent into superior Na-based bentonite (Na-Bent). The …
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The main factors that affect wind direction and speed are: the pressure-gradient force, the Coriolis force and friction. These factors working together cause the wind to blow in different directions and at different speeds. The pressure-gradient force. Air flows from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure.
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As a result, the equilibrium will change in favor of increasing the number of moles of gas. Changes in temperature. According to Le Chatelier's principle rules, when the temperature of an equilibrium system is raised, i.e. when heat is introduced, the equilibrium will …
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However, an equilibrium with no difference in total volume on either side will not be affected by a change in the volume of the system. 5. Common Ion Effect. In accordance with Le Chatelier's principle, addition of the products of a reaction to a system at equilibrium will cause the equilibrium to shift in the direction of the reactants.
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BENTONITE. Bentonite is a type of montmorillonite clay widely employed as a fining agent. It is used in clarifying juice and wines, in removing heat-unstable proteins, and in limiting the development of copper casse. Depending on the objectives, the ability of bentonite to induce partial decolorization and remove nutrients, such as amino acids, is either an advantage or …
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The rates at which reactants are consumed and products are formed during chemical reactions vary greatly. We can identify five factors that affect the rates of chemical reactions: the chemical nature of the reacting substances, the state …
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The factors affecting the sorption of radiocobalt by bentonite and kaolinite were studied with the aim to assess important factors which should be included in modelling radiocobalt migration in ...
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The four major factors that will surely affect the rate of a reaction are the temperature of the reactants, the concentration of the reactants, the surface area of the reactants, and the presence ...
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The free swell of the bentonites increased linearly with increasing exchangeable sodium percentage below 30%, and almost remained constant beyond 30%. The free swell of …
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Bentonite has been widely used as buffer and backfill materials for nuclear waste disposal in last few decades. The main reasons of bentonite being selected for buffer and backfill materials include its low hydraulic permeability and high plasticity, which can restrict the transport of nuclear waste through the barrier and maintain the sealing ability of barrier, respectively, …
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In order to receive the better swelling properties of sodium bentonite, calcium bentonite, for instance, is activated with soda (sodium carbonate) and thus the primary calcium …
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3. Affect of Pressure on Equilibrium: To talk about affect of pressure on equilibrium, at least one of the matters must be in gas phase. In other words, in a reaction consisting of liquid, aqueous, or solid there is no affect of pressure on equilibrium of this system.
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We note also that values of,90 of ~ 10 and ~5, for filtration in the absence and presence of CaSO4, and which are shown in Fig. 1, correspond well with values of ~9, for ~ ~ -97 kPa, observed on the 8(~0) curves in Fig. 5, which are in equilibrium with an 10"3 10-4 10-s 1o0 Hydrodynamic dispersion and chemical reaction in sodium bentonite ...
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After the experiment, however, the exchange sites were not completely occupied by Na + despite a 100 fold excess of Na + compared to the CEC. The presence of carbonates, obviously, interferes with the exchange of Na + for Ca 2+ /Mg 2+.The presence of gypsum proved to be even more effective and caused the opposite trend (Ca 2+ was exchanged for Na +).The …
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Moreover, the main factors affecting the permeability coefficient of bentonite include the aggregate size, the montmorillonite content, the adsorption layer thickness, the hydration conditions, the void ratio, the type and concentration of the solution, the dielectric dispersion of soils, etc. (Petrov et al., 1997; Thevanayagam and Nesarajah ...
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CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization that provides free educational materials and resources.
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Investigate factors which affect the speed of a chemical reaction and calculate the time taken for the reaction to occur in National 5 Chemistry.
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The bentonite in a GCL consists primarily of thin smectite particles which are negatively charged. The negative charge is balanced by cations in a thin layer of bound water surrounding the clay particle (Rowe et al., 2004).Examining the transport of clay particles with deionized water through fissures in bedrock, Moreno et al. (2011) found that a clay structure is …
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The reaction (1) will positively carry out with prolonging ageing time, until reaches equilibrium. When reaction (1) reaches equilibrium, Na+ in bentonite will not become more and the quality of modified bentonite will be stable. In Fig.4, it can be concluded that the ion-exchange reaction is almost balanced when ageing time is 25 d.
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The bentonite is commonly used mixed with soils for groundwater retention and waste contaminant facilities. The incorporation of bentonite could significantly reduce hydraulic conductivity. In this study, the effects of bentonite content, hydration time and effective confining pressure on the static properties of a sand–bentonite mixture were studied using experimental …
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Mineralogical, chemical and physical factors affect the hydraulic conductivity of bentonites through difference in their swelling behaviour. Lee and Shackelford (2005) indicated that a change in the amount of sodium montmorillonite in bentonite from 86 to 77% and cation exchange capacity (CEC) from 93 to 64 meq/100 g increased the hydraulic conductivity by 3 …
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Factors Affecting Equilibria. According to the Le Chatelier's Principle, states that if a system under equilibrium is subjected to a change in pressure, temperature or concentration, in this case, the equilibrium shifts further reducing as well as to counteract the effect of the change. The factors that affect equilibria are:
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The swelling characteristics and permeability of bentonite are influenced by various factors, including temperature, stress history, and the salinity of groundwater (Bai et al., 2019; Herbert et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2012; Xiang et al., 2020).The findings of various studies have demonstrated that the salinity levels in groundwater adjacent to coastal nuclear waste …
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permeability of bentonite based on variations in the montmorillonite content ratio due to chemical alteration. In this study, we first investigated the effects of chemical factors (in particular, differences in solution type) on the swelling characteristics and permeability of sodium-type bentonite that was immersed in various solutions to ...
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